#POPULATION GENETICS CARD GAME SIMULATOR SERIAL#
#POPULATION GENETICS CARD GAME SIMULATOR FULL#

Although there is some variation across individuals in the number of deleterious alleles per genome, we still do not know whether there are significant differences in deleterious variation among populations. For example, recent sequencing of over 6,000 exomes revealed that nearly half of all surveyed individuals carried a likely pathogenic allele in a known Mendelian disease gene (i.e., from a disease panel used for newborn screening) ( 2). Empirically estimating the deleterious mutation burden is now feasible through next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, which can assay the complete breadth of variants in a human genome. ( 1) estimated that each human carries on average four or five mutations that would have a “conspicuous effect on fitness” if expressed in a homozygous state. It has long been recognized that a human genome may carry many strongly deleterious mutations Morton et al. Under a model where selection is inversely related to dominance, we show that OOA populations are likely to have a higher mutation load due to increased allele frequencies of nearly neutral variants that are recessive or partially recessive. We conclude that there is a strong signal of purifying selection at conserved genomic positions within Africa, but that many predicted deleterious mutations have evolved as if they were neutral during the expansion out of Africa. We show via spatially explicit simulations that the observed distribution of deleterious allele frequencies is consistent with the OOA dispersal, particularly under a model where deleterious mutations are recessive.

We find that individual genomes vary modestly in the overall number of predicted deleterious alleles.

#POPULATION GENETICS CARD GAME SIMULATOR FULL#

To test this hypothesis, we have sequenced full genomes and high-coverage exomes from seven geographically divergent human populations from Namibia, Congo, Algeria, Pakistan, Cambodia, Siberia, and Mexico.

#POPULATION GENETICS CARD GAME SIMULATOR SERIAL#

Population genetics theory predicts an increase of mutational load in populations undergoing serial founder effects during range expansions. The Out-of-Africa (OOA) dispersal ∼50,000 y ago is characterized by a series of founder events as modern humans expanded into multiple continents.

Population genetics card game simulator